Selfie Post
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"This will be the most vulnerable thing I'll ever share. I've gone back and forth whether to post this or not. We just had to layoff a few of our employees. I've seen a lot of layoffs over the last few weeks on LinkedIn. Most of those are due to the economy, or whatever other reason. Ours? My fault." Wallake wrote alongside the picture that shows tears streaming down his face.
Some LinkedIn users mocked Wallake's post, calling him "out of touch" and "cringe-worthy" or suggested that he should focus on helping his former employees rather than on how the situation had affected him.
"Please. Laying off people is horrific for you, but more horrific for them. It's about taking care of their welfare, not griefposting for your own likes. This is ungracious, gratuitous, insensitive and tacky. Grow up, look after those people who you claim to be so worried about, own your mistakes privately and stop being so narcissistic," one commenter wrote.
Wallake followed up his original message with a follow-up post, saying, "Hey everyone, yes, I am the crying CEO. No, my intent was not to make it about me or victimize myself. I am sorry it came across that way."
Nowadays, the use of smartphones has become an integral part of daily lifestyles of many people. With advances in smartphone technology and improved speed of mobile Internet, taking photos of self or group of people and sharing them online have become increasingly easy and quick. Taking selfies and groupies and posting them on SNSs have become an important part of online social experience. Millions of smartphone users are regularly posting millions selfies everyday on SNSs to express their personalities, lifestyles, and preferences. In fact, the number of selfies taken and shared online each day is approximately 93 million.[7]
Given the pervasiveness of selfie-posting behavior, there has been increasing academic interest to explore the predictors of this online behavior. Various sociodemographic and psychological factors have been shown to influence the individual's choice of social media and also individual's behavior on that social media.[8,9] Hence, these factors have also been explored with regard to selfie-posting behavior. Researchers have particularly focused on trait predictors associated with this peculiar online behavior. Some of the personality traits have been shown to be associated with selfie-posting behavior. Specific association of narcissism with selfie-posting behavior has been highlighted by various researchers.[10,11,12] Previous research has shown that selfie-posting behavior is a form of online self-presentation and self-promotion.[13] Hence, it is understandable that individuals with high narcissistic traits may reasonably use selfie-posting as a way to fulfill their need to gain others' attention and admiration to preserve their own fragile self-image. As selfie-posting behavior has been hypothesized by researchers as self-promoting and attention-seeking act, histrionic personality traits also have been studied in relation to selfie-posting. Sorokowski et al.[14] have found the relationship of histrionic personality traits with selfie-posting behavior, but it was significant only for males.
Since people use various social media to gratify their psychological needs, their choice of certain media and their behavior on that media would likely be influenced by their psychological motivations apart from their personality traits. These motivations can play more important role in predicting selfie-posting behavior than personality traits as they are the more proximal cause of the behavior.[20,21] Sung et al.[22] have studied motivations for selfie-posting and found principally four different types of motivations behind selfie-posting: attention seeking, communication, archiving, and entertainment. Attention-seeking motivation includes posting selfies to attract the attention of others and seek affirmation of self-image from others. Communication motive includes posting selfies for building and maintaining social relationships. Archiving represents individual's intention to document specific events while entertainment motive indicates that individual posts selfies to seek refreshment or escape from boredom.
Analysis of the questionnaire revealed that of 727 participants, 382 (52.54%) rarely or never post selfies on social media, 200 (27.51%) participants post selfie occasionally, whereas 145 (19.94%) participants often or always post selfies. Four hundred and seventy-nine (65.89%) participants edit their selfies never or rarely before posting those on social media, whereas 176 (24.21%) edit selfies occasionally and 72 (9.90%) edit selfies often or always.
A major finding of our study was that females were more likely to engage in selfie-related activities, including selfie-posting and selfie-editing. This finding was consistent with the previous research on this topic.[11,18] As the previous research suggests, selfies are used as a way of self-presentation. Gender would influence this way of self-presentation. Researchers have shown that females tend to present themselves as attractive and part of a social group.[24] This type of self-representation is possible with selfies as selfies would provide females with an opportunity to experiment with their looks and project themselves more attractive.[25]
Extraversion and agreeableness were found to be associated with selfie-posting behaviors. Extraverts are more enthusiastic and sociable people while agreeable individuals are oriented toward others. These individuals are more socially active. They have more friends on SNSs.[17] Hence, it is likely that these individuals post selfies more frequently to keep friends up-to-date about themselves. We also found extraversion and agreeableness to be associated with selfie-editing. Editing of selfie before posting it on social media is done mainly to present it in a more desirable manner. As both extraverts and agreeable individuals are socially conscious, they may involve in selfie-editing more frequently. As it is known that extraverts enjoy social attention,[26] it is quiet logical for them to edit selfies to present themselves in more socially desirable and appreciable manner. Agreeable individuals also have been found in one of the previous research to attract more attention by getting a higher number of likes and comments on their Facebook profile picture.[16] Hence, it is also possible for agreeable individuals to edit their selfies for getting social appreciation.
We found that individuals with high neurotic traits were less involved in selfie-posting and selfie-editing behavior as compared to those with low neuroticism. Our finding may seem contradictory to other research findings concerning the relationship between neuroticism and social media use which stressed that neurotic individuals tend to prefer online communication as compared to face-to-face communication.[27] However, as Ross et al.[28] have found in their research, neurotic individuals tend to avoid posting photos on social media and rather prefer communicating with others through textual messages. Neurotic individuals are self-conscious individuals. They are more likely to control what information is shared about themselves.[29] For them, online photosharing may be like inadvertently sharing information about their emotional state which may be perceived as threatening by them. Probably, this may be the reason for which neurotic individuals tend to avoid engaging in selfie-related behaviors.
Among different motivations for selfie-posting, we found that selfies were posted most commonly for communication. Previous research on online photosharing behavior has shown that online photosharing may help people fulfill their social interaction needs.[30,31] Posting photos online allow individuals to express their feelings, emotions, and thoughts. It may provide a starting point for initiating communication with individuals having similar interests and built up social interactions.[32] Attention seeking was also the important motivation behind selfie-posting. As we know selfie is one of the methods of self-promotion and impression management, people use photosharing to gratify their needs such as getting feedback, public approval, and recognition.[30,33]
The study revealed that individuals with high extraversion traits post selfies for attention seeking, communication as well as archiving purpose. Extraverts enjoy social attention.[26] Hence, it is quiet natural for them to share photos online to seek social approval and affirmation. Extraverts also have more online social contacts.[17] Hence, keeping in touch with these contacts may be easy by sharing selfies online which may help them communicate their emotions, thoughts, and lifestyle with their friends. Previous research has also shown that extraverts use social media to communicate with others.[34,35] Being enthusiastic and excitement seeking, it is common for extraverts to engage in lot of personal and social activities. Recording of these special events has come to be seen as normal part. Furthermore, these recorded photos can be stored as publically accessible photo archive which may satisfy their social needs. Our finding was also in line with previous research finding where researchers have found positive relation between extraversion and documentation of selfies.[36]
Agreeable individuals have found to post selfies for communication and archiving. Seidman[35] has found in his research that agreeable individuals use social media for communication. Agreeable individuals are oriented toward others. Belongingness may be important psychological need for these individuals, and keeping communication with others through selfie uploads on social media may help them to serve this purpose. The relation between documentation of selfies and agreeableness has been shown in previous studies also.[36] Being socially active, they may involve in group activities, and recording of these social moments may be the natural part of social activity. We also found that individuals with high conscientiousness tend to post selfies for archiving. As these people are well-organized and scrupulous, it seems logical for them to record their special life events. 2b1af7f3a8